Financial support for Insect Biologically inspired Engineering

0937985 EFRI-BSBA: Multifunctional Materials and Devices for Distributed Actuation and Sensing

Konstantin Kornev kkornev@clemson.edu (Principal Investigator) Alexey Vertegel (Co-Principal Investigator) Kenneth Christensen (Co-Principal Investigator) Richard Groff (Co-Principal Investigator) Peter Adler (Co-Principal Investigator)

Butterflies and moths, constituting the order Lepidoptera, have inspired decades of engineering research in aerodynamics, optics, and navigation. This project focuses on the lepidopteran proboscis, which is poorly explored from an engineering perspective. The goal is to develop fundamental principles of fiber-based microfluidics inspired by the lepidopteran fluidic system, and apply these principles to the design, fabrication, and manipulation of a new class of fiber-based devices capable of transporting and probing a previously impossible range of liquids. These principles will be validated using biological data from Lepidoptera. Through collaboration of engineers, chemists, and biologists, bioinspired proboscises will be fabricated by taking advantage of modern fiber technology, which offers fiber multifunctionality such as mechanical/electromagnetic memory, improved absorbency, and controlled wettability. A biomimetic approach will be developed for actuation, sensing, and control of the synthetic proboscis. The advantages will be illustrated for an artificial proboscis to probe fluids from individual vascular smooth muscle cells. The lepidopteran fluidic system is envisioned as shifting the current microfluidic paradigm from stationary channel-like structures to fiber-based microfluidic devices, providing distributed actuation, sensing, and manipulation with minute amounts of fluids. The project will serve as a catalyst for development of novel science, engineering, and technology at the interface of biology, chemistry, materials science, and mechanical, electrical, and bioengineering. The basic principles, identified by a multidisciplinary group, will impact multiple fields, including (i) integrative biology by providing insight into the physical function of the lepidopteran fluidic system, (ii) materials science by offering new knowledge on fluid-fiber interactions and relevant fiber design parameters, (iii) robotics and control by developing biomimetic methods for shape and fluid control, and (iv) bioengineering by developing proboscis-inspired tissue-fluid probes. The basic principles can be applied to the design of a wide range of future devices, as in applications requiring low-volume fluid retrieval and analysis coupled with controlled manipulation, such as environmental monitoring and biomedical and forensic probing.

1354956 IOS: Mechanisms of Fluid Feeding in Insects, from Nanoscale to Organism

Peter Adler padler@clemson.edu (Principal Investigator) Matthew Lehnert (Co-Principal Investigator) Konstantin Kornev (Co-Principal Investigator)

Fluid-feeding insects are among the most abundant organisms on Earth. Their success can be attributed in part to their tubular mouthparts, engineered by natural selection to acquire a remarkable variety of fluids, such as blood and nectar. These feeding devices - proboscises - must take up fluids while remaining free of sticky residues and debris that might impede fluid uptake; in other words, they must be capable of self-cleaning. The fundamental organization of the proboscis consists of a slender tube with a surface of minute valleys and ridges that form canals connected by pores to a central food canal. The research focuses on the hypothesis that fluid feeding can be explained by a single model based on unifying principles of capillarity and wetting. To examine this primary hypothesis, two major insect groups, butterflies and flies, will be used to study the structure and function of the proboscis. The study is organized around three objectives: (1) to explain the role of wettability of the proboscis as the first step in acquiring fluid, (2) to elucidate the mechanisms of fluid uptake as the second step in fluid acquisition, and (3) to explain how the availability of fluid, whether in pools or films, determines the means of uptake. The project offers a new framework for explaining biological phenomena, such as dietary choices and the diversification of insect life. It also provides a platform for transferring Nature-inspired principles of fluid uptake and transport to the development of new engineering devices, such as flexible microfluidic probes. The research program emphasizes cross-disciplinary interaction between biologists and physical scientists and translation into interdisciplinary education of students, from high school onward. Outreach to students, including those in under-represented groups, by providing research opportunities and by hosting science teachers to develop teaching modules emphasizing the relation of physical principles to aspects of Nature, such as butterfly feeding and pollination. Research results will be incorporated into courses at two universities and will be disseminated through paper and electronic publications, professional and public presentations, and student-developed web sites and blogs. The proposed study launches from preliminary work by the investigators, which indicates that fluid feeding by insects can be captured under a single model based on unifying principles of capillarity and wetting (hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity), which heretofore have been poorly explored. Tools and principles will be used to provide a quantitative, comparative analysis of the (1) micro-architecture of the mouthparts (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, X-ray tomography), (2) role and function of micro-architecture in acquiring and transporting fluids into and through the mouthparts (e.g., X-ray phase-contrast imaging, fluorescent and dark-field optical microscopy, and mathematical image analysis), (3) materials wetting and fluid flow through different conduits (physical and mathematical modeling augmented by full characterization of fluid properties such as food rheology, surface tension, and contact angles), and (4) hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of the mouthparts (e.g., confocal microscopy, fluorescent imaging, Atomic force microscopy).

1305338 PHY: Biomechanics of Self-Assembly of the Lepidopteran Feeding Device

Konstantin Kornev kkornev@clemson.edu (Principal Investigator) Peter Adler (Co-Principal Investigator)

The overarching goal of this project is to understand the biomechanical principles of proboscis self-assembly and to apply these principles to engineer fiber-based self- assembling microfluidic devices for manipulation of micro and nano droplets. The model system under investigation is the proboscis feeding tube of butterflies. This tube is assembled and hardened after emergence of the adult from the pupal encasement by joining dorsal and ventral galeae fibers and cuticle hardening. The mature proboscis is coiled but can be fully extended during the feeding process; the extension involves antiparallel sliding of the galeae fibers. The goals of the project are (i) to study the effect of saliva in creating capillary pressure that forces the two galeae together (the elasto-capillary effect) in live butterflies and a model system of fiber rails, (ii) to study saliva behavior during this process of proboscis assembly, using X-ray phase-contrast imaging, (iii) to provide full characterization of mechanical and wetting properties of the proboscis to evaluate the model parameters and assess the applicability of different self-assembling and hardening scenarios, and (iv) to develop a fiber-rail type microfluidic system that that relies on capillary action and would work on the principles of proboscis assembly/disassembly.

Alimov M.M., Kornev K.G.. "Meniscus on a shaped fiber: singularities and hodograph formulation," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, v.470, 2014, p. 20140113.

Karena J. Kwauk, Daniel K. Hasegawa, Matthew S. Lehnert, Charles E. Beard, Patrick D. Gerard, Konstantin G. Kornev and Peter H. Adler. "Drinking with an unsealed tube: fluid uptake along the butterfly proboscis," Annals of the Entomological Society of America,, v.107, 2014, p. 886.

Tsai, C.-C., D. Monaenkova, C. E. Beard, P. H. Adler, and K. G. Kornev.. "Paradox of the drinking-straw model of the butterfly proboscis," Journal of experimental biology, v.217,, 2014, p. 2130.

Tsai, C.-C., D., Gu Y., Kornev K.G.,. "Wetting of nanofiber yarns," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects,, v.459, 2014, p. 22.

Yu Gu and Konstantin G.Kornev. "Attachment/detachment hysteresis of the fiber-based magnetic grabbers," Soft Matter,, v.10, 2014, p. 2816.

Mars M. Alimov, Konstantin G. Kornev. "Singularities of meniscus at the V-shaped edge," Mechanics Research Communications, v.62, 2014, p. 162. doi:ISSN: 0093-6413

Suellen Floyd Pometto. "Saliva Collection and Quantification from Adult Butterflies (Lepidoptera)," Entomological News, v.124, 2015, p. 305. doi:DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3157/021.124.0501

Alimov, M.M. and Kornev, K.G.. "Piercing the water surface with a blade: Singularities of the contact line," Physics of Fluids, v.28, 2016, p. 012102. doi:10.1063/1.4938171

Gu Y. and Kornev K.G.. "Ferromagnetic Nanorods in Applications to Control of the In-Plane Anisotropy of Composite Films and for In Situ Characterization of the Film Rheology," Advanced Functional Materials, v.26, 2016, p. 3796. doi:10.1002/adfm.201504205

Kornev, K.G. and Adler, P.H.. "The butterfly proboscis as a fiber-based, self-cleaning, micro-fluidic system," International Society for Optics and Photonics SPIE Newsroom., 2016. doi:10.1117/2.1201603.006419/

Kornev, K.G., Monaenkova, D. Adler, P.H. Beard C.E.& Lee, W.-K... "The butterfly proboscis as a fiber-based, self-cleaning, micro-fluidic system.," R. J. Martín-Palma (ed.) Bioinspiration, Biomimetics, and Bioreplication. Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics, v.9797, 2016, p. 979705. doi:10.1117/12.2218941

Lehnert, M.S., Beard, C.E. Gerard, P.D. Kornev, K.G.and Adler P.H.. "Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild.," Journal of Morphology, v.277, 2015, p. 167.

Nave, M.I. Allen, J.P. Chen-Wiegart, Y-C.K. Wang, J.Kalidindi,S.R. and Kornev, K.G.. "In situ X-ray nanotomography of metal surfaces during electropolishing,," Scientific Reports, v.5, 2015, p. 15257. doi:10.1038/srep15257

Lehnert, M.S.. "What is it?," American Entomologist, v.56, 2010, p. 217.

Callegari G, Tyomkin I, Kornev K.G., Neimark A.V., Hsieh Y-L. "Absorption and transport properties of ultra-fine cellulose webs," Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, v.353, 2011, p. 290.

Gu, Y., Kornev K.G.. "Plasmon enhanced direct and inverse Faraday effects in non-magnetic nanocomposites," Journal of the Optical Society of America B, v.27, 2010, p. 2165.

Tokarev A., Rubin B., Bedford M., Kornev K. G.. "Magnetic Nanorods for Optofluidic Applications," AIP Conference Proceedings, v.1310, 2010, p. 204.

Monaenkova, D; Lehnert, MS; Andrukh, T; Beard, CE; Rubin, B; Tokarev, A; Lee, WK; Adler, PH; Kornev, KG. "Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits," JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, v.9, 2012, p. 720. View record at Web of Science doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.039

Monaenkova, D; Andrukh, T; Kornev, KG. "Wicking of liquids into sagged fabrics," SOFT MATTER, v.8, 2012, p. 4725. View record at Web of Science doi:10.1039/c2sm07080

Kornev, KG. "Electrospinning: Distribution of charges in liquid jets," JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, v.110, 2011. View record at Web of Science doi:10.1063/1.367162

Tokarev, A; Luzinov, I; Owens, JR; Kornev, KG. "Magnetic Rotational Spectroscopy with Nanorods to Probe Time-Dependent Rheology of Microdroplets," LANGMUIR, v.28, 2012, p. 10064. View record at Web of Science doi:10.1021/la301947

Tsai, CC; Mikes, P; Andrukh, T; White, E; Monaenkova, D; Burtovyy, O; Burtovyy, R; Rubin, B; Lukas, D; Luzinov, I; Owens, JR; Kornev, KG. "Nanoporous artificial proboscis for probing minute amount of liquids," NANOSCALE, v.3, 2011, p. 4685. View record at Web of Science doi:10.1039/c1nr10773

Groff, R.E., H. Karve, M. Li, A. Tokarev and K.G. Kornev. "Bending and position hysteresis of magnetic microfibers in nonuniform magnetic fields," Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, v.7(2), 2012, p. 74.

Alexander Tokarev, Alexey Aprelev, Mikhail N. Zakharov, Guzeliya Korneva, Yury Gogotsi, and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Multifunctional magnetic rotator for micro and nanorheological studies," Review of Scientific Instruments, 2012. doi:10.1063/1.4729795

Alexander Tokarev, Bethany Kaufman, Yu Gu, Taras Andrukh1, Peter H. Adler, and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Probing viscosity of nanoliter droplets of butterfly saliva by magnetic rotational spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., v.102, 2013.

Matthew S. Lehnert, Daria Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh, Charles E. Beard, Peter H. Adler and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Hydrophobic-hydrophilic dichotomy of the butterfly proboscis," J. R. Soc. Interface, v.10, 2013.

M Nave, B Rubin, V Maximov, S Creager and K G Kornev. "Transport-limited electrochemical formation of long nanosharp probes from tungsten," Nanotechnology, v.24, 2013.

Daria Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh and Konstantin G Kornev. "Bernoulli catenary and elasto-capillary effect in partially wet fibrous materials," Textile Research Journal, v.83, 2013.

Chen-Chih Tsai and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Characterization of Permeability of Electrospun Yarns," Langmuir, v.29, 2013.

Alexander Tokarev, Alexey Aprelev, Mikhail N. Zakharov, Guzeliya Korneva, Yury Gogotsi, and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Multifunctional magnetic rotator for micro and nanorheological studies," Rev. Sci. Instrum., v.83, 2012, p. 065110.

Alexander Tokarev, Bethany Kaufman, Yu Gu, Taras Andrukh, Peter H. Adler, and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Probing viscosity of nanoliter droplets of butterfly saliva by magnetic rotational spectroscopy," Applied Physics Letters,, v.102, 2013.

Alexander Tokarev, Igor Luzinov, Jeffery Owens, and Konstantin G Kornev. "Magnetic rotational spectroscopy with nanorods to probe time-dependent rheology of microdroplets," Langmuir, v.28, 2012, p. 10064.

Alexander Tokarev, Wah-Keat Lee, Igor Sevonkaev, Dan Goia, and Konstantin G.Kornev,. "Sharpening the surface of magnetic paranematic droplets," Soft Matter, v.10, 2014, p. 1917.

Anton Grigoryev, Vijoya Sa, Venkateshwarlu Gopishetty, Ihor Tokarev, Konstantin, G. Kornev, and Sergiy Minko. "Wet-spun stimuli-responsive composite fibers with tunable electrical conductivity," Adv. Funct. Mater., v.23, 2013, p. 5903.

Chen-Chih Tsai and Konstantin G.Kornev. "Characterization of permeability of electrospun yarns," Langmuir,, v.29, 2013, p. 10596.

Chen-Chih Tsai, Petr Mikes, Taras Andrukh, Edgar White, Daria Monaenkova, Oleksandr Burtovyy, Ruslan Burtovyy, Binyamin Rubin, David Lukas, Igor Luzinov, Jeffery R. Owens and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Nanoporous artificial proboscis for probing minute amount of liquids,," Nanoscale, v.3, 2011, p. 468.

Daria Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh, Konstantin G.Kornev,. "Wicking of liquids into sagged fabrics," Soft Matter, v.8, 2012, p. 4725.

Fehime Vatansever, Ruslan Burtovyy, Bogdan Zdyrko, Karthik Ramaratnam, Taras Andrukh, Sergiy Minko, Jeffrey R. Owens, Konstantin G. Kornev, and Igor Luzinov,. "Pointed Surface Modification for pH Sensitive Liquid Transport," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, v.4, 2012, p. 4541.

M Nave, B Rubin, V Maximov, S Creager, and K G Kornev. "Transport limited electrochemical formation of long nanosharp probes from tungsten," Nanotechnology, v.24, 2013, p. 355702.

Matthew S. Lehnert, Daria Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh, Charles E. Beard, Peter H. Adler, and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Hydrophobic?hydrophilic dichotomy of the butterfly proboscis," J R Soc Interface, v.10, 2013, p. 20130336.

Monaenkova D., Lehnert M.S., Andrukh T., Beard C.E., Rubin B., Tokarev A., Lee W.-K., Adler P.H., and Kornev K.G.. "Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits," J. Royal Society: Interface, v.9, 2012, p. 720.

Richard E. Groff, Meng Li, Harshwardhan Karve, Alexander Tokarev, Kostantin G. Kornev, Bending and. "Position Hysteresis of Magnetic Microfibers in Nonuniform Magnetic Fields," Journal of Engineered Fibers & Fabrics, v.7, 2012, p. 74.

Seeber M., Zdyrko B., Burtovvy R., Andrukh T., Tsai C., Owens J.R., . Kornev K.G., Luzinov I.. "Surface grafting of thermoresponsive microgel nanoparticles," Soft Matter, v.7, 2011, p. 9962.

Taras Z. Andrukh, Daria Monaenkova, Binyamin Rubin, Wah-Keat Lee and Konstantin G. Kornev. "Meniscus formation in a capillary and role of contact line friction," Soft Matter,, v.10, 2014, p. 609.

Tsai, C.-C., D. Monaenkova, C. E. Beard, P. H. Adler, and K. G. Kornev.. "Paradox of the drinking-straw model of the butterfly proboscis.," J. Exp. Biol., v.217, 2014, p. 2130

Lehnert, M. S., C. E. Beard & T. Bruce. "learning from the butterfly", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, , Neil Caudle"Glimpse: Research and Creative Discovery", 2012, "Volume 1, number 1, page 5,7, Spring 2012".

Susan Pike. "Butterflies develop feeding 'straw'", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2012, "http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=OPINION0542".

Holly Sheahan. "Probes inspired by butterflies", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, "Chemistry World, Royal Society of Chemistry", 2011, "http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101101.asp".

Jonathan Neal. "Models of Butterfly Feeding", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "http://livingwithinsects.wordpress.com/2011/10/16/models-of-butterfly-feeding/".

Devin Powell. "Butterflies sip like sponges", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "http://www.sciencenews.org/index.php/generic/id/60598/title/When_intuition_and_math_probably_look_wrong/view/generic/id/333500/title/News_in_Brief_MoleculesMatter_%2B_Energy".

Victor Maximov, Yun Xiang, Chen-Chih Tsai, Konstantin Kornev, Alexey Vertegel. "Fiber based biosensors for mRNA extraction from cells", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "Biomaterials Day "Biomaterials Research Roadmap Back to the Future", Clemson, SC".

Victor Maximov, Yun Xiang, Chen-Chih Tsai, Konstantin Kornev, Alexey Vertegel. "Detecting mRNA expression from individual cells using oligo-DT coated fibers", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, Charleston, SC, USA".

Ryan Waddell, Vladimir Reukov, Chen-Chih Tsai, Konstantin Kornev, Alexey Vertegel. "Development of a Rapid Fiber-based Immunoassay", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, Charleston, SC".

Groff, R.E., H. Karve, M. Li, A. Tokarev and K.G. Kornev. "Bending and position hysteresis of magnetic microfibers in nonuniform magnetic fields", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Science, Charleston, SC".

Maryana Kovalchuk, Binyamin Rubin, Chen-Chih Tsai & Konstantin G.Kornev. "Fiber-based Probes for Cell Analyses", 10/01/2011-09/30/2012, 2011, "International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Science, Charleston, SC".

Kornev, K.G., D. Monaenkova, P.H. Adler, C.E. Beard and W.-K. Lee. "The butterfly proboscis as a fiber-based, self-cleaning, micro-fluidic system," Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics, v.9797, 2016. doi:10.1117/12.2218941

Kramer, V. R., C. P. Mulvane, A. Brothers, P. D. Gerard, and M. S. Lehnert. "Allometry among structures of proboscises of Vanessa cardui L. (Nymphalidae) and its relationship to fluid uptake abilities," Journal of the Lepidopterist?s Society, v.69, 2015, p. 183. doi:10.18473/lepi.69i3.a5

Lehnert, M.S., C.E. Beard, P.D. Gerard, K.G. Kornev, and P.H. Adler. "Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild," Journal of Morphology, v.277, 2015, p. 167. doi:10.1002/jmor.20487

Lehnert, M. S., A. Bennett, K. E. Reiter, P. D. Gerard, Q.-H. Wei, M. Byler, H. Yan and W.-K. Lee. "Mouthpart conduit sizes of fluid feeding insects determine the ability to feed from pores," Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v.284, 2017, p. 20162026. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2026